Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Burnout Levels amongst Emergency Medical Technicians: A Cross-Sectional Study in Spain

Abstract

Background: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) are essential health care workers (HCWs). Although they play an extraordinary role during the COVID-19 pandemic, they are mostly exposed to various occupational health and safety risks that have significantly impacted their mental health, giving rise to symptoms, such as stress and burnout. Aim: This study aimed to assess the perceived levels of stress and burnout amongst EMTs in relation to their socio-demographic characteristics and to explore the associations between their stress and burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This work is an observational cross-sectional design study conducted between 29 March and 30 April 2021, with a convenience sample of 280 Spanish EMTs yielding a response rate of 28%. The online survey had 42 items that aimed to determine participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Results: The results showed that more than half of the EMTs (53%) perceived a moderate stress level, 37% perceived moderate levels of emotional exhaustion (EE) and 40% had moderate levels of depersonalization (DP). Furthermore, 48% had low levels of personal accomplishment (PA). Gender, age, having personal protective equipment (PPE) and experiencing fear of infection were statistically significant areas where participants experienced greater stress (p<0.05). A positive correlation between stress, EE and DP and a negative correlation between stress and the PA subdimension of burnout were found. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on the mental health of ambulance EMTs. Further studies building on this study and others on the psychological status of EMTs before the pandemic and follow-up during the pandemic, as well as deeper investigations on their work conditions, are needed to facilitate the implementation of various interventions. Such efforts can mitigate the negative impacts of the pandemic on their mental health, and prepare them for future disasters.